All careersEngineering & science

Astronomer

$128,820
median / year
$78,010 – $195,190
what most earn per year (10th–90th percentile)

What the job actually is

Observe and model objects and events beyond Earth using telescopes, satellites, physics, and large datasets.

You may also see this posted as: Astronomy Outreach Coordinator, Astrophysicist, Research Astrophysicist.

Where you work

Universities, observatories, federal laboratories, and offices.

The hours

Full-time; observations, deadlines, and travel can create irregular hours.

The day to day

What you'd actually spend time doing

  • Analyze research data to determine its significance, using computers.
  • Present research findings at scientific conferences and in papers written for scientific journals.
  • Study celestial phenomena, using a variety of ground-based and space-borne telescopes and scientific instruments.
  • Collaborate with other astronomers to carry out research projects.
  • Mentor graduate students and junior colleagues.

Good fit if you like…

Investigative

solving problems, analyzing evidence, and figuring out how things work

Realistic

working with tools, equipment, materials, or the physical world

Conventional

organizing information, following systems, and getting details right

O*NET job zone 5 of 5

Extensive preparation—often graduate education and significant experience—is common.

Work styles that matter most

Intellectual CuriosityInnovationAttention to DetailAchievement Orientation

Software that shows up in the work

Examples employers report—not a checklist you must already know.

CC++PythonThe MathWorks MATLABApache HadoopIBM SPSS Statistics

By the numbers

May 2025 BLS wage & employment data · 2024–34 BLS employment projections.

Median pay
$128,820
per year
Hourly median
$61.94
per hour
What most earn
$78,010–$195,190
yearly, 10th to 90th percentile
Openings a year
~100
projected, 2024–34
Outlook to 2034
+2.2%
About average
Working in the U.S.
2,120
people, nationwide

Openings a year counts new jobs plus the ones that open when people retire or move on — a truer picture of your odds than growth alone.

“Median” means half earn more and half earn less. Your city, employer, and years on the job move it a lot — that is what the 10th-to-90th range shows.

BLS estimates 5.4% of workers in this occupation are self-employed.

What it pays in your state

Statewide medians are a better starting point than the national number. Your city and experience still matter.

BLS state wage tables

How you get in

Typical starting education

Doctoral / professional degree

Training path: PhD for independent research; physics degrees lead to support roles.

Related work experience: None.

On-the-job training: None.

License or certification

No license required to start in most places.

Check the path where you live

Licensing rules and available programs change by state. These federal tools take you to the current official listings.

What it takes

PhysicsProgrammingData analysisResearch

The honest take

Uses telescopes, satellites, and large datasets to study planets, stars, galaxies, and the universe.

Standard Occupational Classification 19-2011. Pay and employment from the BLS May 2025 OEWS survey; outlook and openings from the 2024–34 employment projections; job context from the Occupational Outlook Handbook; tasks, interests, work styles, software examples, and job zone from O*NET 30.3. See something off? Tell us.