All careersEngineering & science

Mathematician

$126,710
median / year
$69,240 – $195,190
what most earn per year (10th–90th percentile)

What the job actually is

Develop mathematical methods and models and apply them to problems in science, engineering, government, and business.

You may also see this posted as: Computational Scientist, Cryptographer, Research Scientist, Agent-Based Modeler, Computational Mathematician, Cryptographic Vulnerability Analyst.

Where you work

Offices, universities, government agencies, and research organizations.

The hours

Usually full-time with regular schedules.

The day to day

What you'd actually spend time doing

  • Mentor others on mathematical techniques.
  • Maintain knowledge in the field by reading professional journals, talking with other mathematicians, and attending professional conferences.
  • Develop new principles and new relationships between existing mathematical principles to advance mathematical science.
  • Disseminate research by writing reports, publishing papers, or presenting at professional conferences.
  • Assemble sets of assumptions, and explore the consequences of each set.

Good fit if you like…

Investigative

solving problems, analyzing evidence, and figuring out how things work

Conventional

organizing information, following systems, and getting details right

Artistic

creating, designing, performing, or working without a rigid script

O*NET job zone 5 of 5

Extensive preparation—often graduate education and significant experience—is common.

Work styles that matter most

Intellectual CuriosityAttention to DetailInnovationAchievement Orientation

Software that shows up in the work

Examples employers report—not a checklist you must already know.

Atlassian JIRACC#C++Chatbot softwareMicrosoft Excel

By the numbers

May 2025 BLS wage & employment data · 2024–34 BLS employment projections.

Median pay
$126,710
per year
Hourly median
$60.92
per hour
What most earn
$69,240–$195,190
yearly, 10th to 90th percentile
Openings a year
~100
projected, 2024–34
Outlook to 2034
-0.7%
Little change
Working in the U.S.
2,030
people, nationwide

Openings a year counts new jobs plus the ones that open when people retire or move on — a truer picture of your odds than growth alone.

“Median” means half earn more and half earn less. Your city, employer, and years on the job move it a lot — that is what the 10th-to-90th range shows.

What it pays in your state

Statewide medians are a better starting point than the national number. Your city and experience still matter.

BLS state wage tables

How you get in

Typical starting education

Master's degree

Training path: Master's degree is typical; some federal roles accept a bachelor's.

Related work experience: None.

On-the-job training: None.

License or certification

No license required to start in most places.

Check the path where you live

Licensing rules and available programs change by state. These federal tools take you to the current official listings.

What it takes

Advanced mathematicsModelingProgrammingLogical reasoning

The honest take

Builds mathematical models and methods for science, technology, government, and business problems.

Standard Occupational Classification 15-2021. Pay and employment from the BLS May 2025 OEWS survey; outlook and openings from the 2024–34 employment projections; job context from the Occupational Outlook Handbook; tasks, interests, work styles, software examples, and job zone from O*NET 30.3. See something off? Tell us.